Network Switches - A Complete Guide

When asking what a network switch is, the most straightforward answer is that it’s a type of wired hub device, chiefly used for connecting multiple people and devices to a given computer network.

In the context of domestic, commercial or industrial computer networking and connectivity, the main role of network switches is to physically link online resources and devices through a single multi-port entry/exit point. Users connected to the same network via a switch can then be granted access to share some or all of the resources and devices on that network.

Examples of the sorts of resources commonly found wired together through network switches might include:

• Any incoming internet connections, usually via a router
• Numerous types of external storage and file-sharing modules, such as high-capacity hard drives or server arrays
• A wide range of key hardware and peripherals - desktop computers, laptops, games consoles, smart TVs, UPS power supplies, printers and more

Network switches are often referred to as an ethernet switch or LAN switch (Local Area Network). The latter name reflects the fact that they typically rely on cabled connections to support networking activities across a relatively limited physical space, such as a single office.

If you are looking to gain a fuller understanding of exactly how an Ethernet switch works, it’s important to be aware of the various types available. We will touch on this in more depth over the following sections, but for now, we’ll focus on the most basic answer to the question, ‘what does an internet switch do?’

A switch deployed in a computer network provides a single point of wired connection for numerous individual devices and resources. Data, online connectivity and more can then be shared between some or all the users on that network, and some models allow these connections to be managed and controlled via an onboard software interface.

At its simplest, a network switch can be considered as a large USB hub, but one specifically made to accept ethernet or RJ45 cables, enabling multi-device sharing of a single wired internet/data connection.

A standard internet router will likely include at least one built-in ethernet port, but probably not more than two or three for midrange models. To provide a far more robust connectivity solution that allows you to hook in multiple devices and resources - thus creating a more complex Local Area Network, or LAN – you will need to add a network switch.

Network switches are typically attached directly to a router or server, and their key physical feature is providing a greater number of ports for plugging in additional ethernet cables. The main factor in deciding which type and model of LAN switch to buy will be the demand created by the size and scope of the network you wish to connect through it.

Accordingly, the number of ethernet ports a given switch provides can range from as few as three, up to 50 and beyond. Where heavy-duty industrial network switches are needed, it’s even possible to find versions offering 100 or more, although these are considerably less common.

When it comes to router vs switch, many people often confuse these closely related pieces of hardware. In practice, though, the fundamental difference between a switch and a router is fairly straightforward once you understand what a switch does. As we’ve already covered, a switch allows multiple devices on the same network to communicate with each other.

A router, meanwhile, allows multiple different networks to communicate with one another. This is the role played by a domestic ISP-supplied Wi-Fi router, for example - it communicates with external networks to deliver an internet connection into the property from outside. A network switch cannot do this. Instead, it exists to provide greater versatility and flexibility on the network a router brings in.

The confusion between routers, switches and hubs typically arises because some hardware models can offer a limited range of functions taken from all three of these device types, most often in the form of multiple built-in ethernet ports. However, it’s worth noting that even when certain features of a router, hub and network switch are combined into a single device, the capabilities and roles of each remain technically distinct from one another.

When trying to pick the best ethernet switch for a given set of networking requirements, most suppliers and manufacturers tend to list their products according to one of three or more general speed categories. These are:

• Fast Ethernet switches (FS) - 10/100 Mbps (standard IEEE 802.3u)
• Gigabit network switches (GS or JGS) - 10/100/1000 Mbps (standard IEEE 802.3-2008)
• Ten-gigabit network switches (GSS) - 10/100/1000/10000 Mbps (standard IEEE 802.3a)

You may also see various other ethernet speeds and standards noted, such as 2.5 Gbps, 5 Gbps, 25 Gbps, 40 Gbps, 50 Gbps or 100 Gbps. These tend to be developed for more specialised applications.

It is worth keeping in mind that the best network switch for domestic use isn’t necessarily going to be the best network switch for small business, industrial, or enterprise purposes.

In fact, each of these applications will have considerably different requirements to consider, largely depending on the scale and speed of connectivity you need to create a stable and strong-performing network. While speed is always an important consideration, another key specification is the number of ports the specific switch offers.

More ports mean greater flexibility across the network, but the amount of traffic able to flow through the network at any one time - in other words, the number of connected devices and users a network can comfortably support - will be limited by various factors, not least the bandwidth of your internet connection.

In trying to decide how many network switch ports a particular setup requires for optimal convenience and performance, it’s wise to consider the following factors:

• How many wired devices you want to connect, bearing in mind potential future device purchases
• How much you are willing to spend on a network switch
• Whether you would prefer to use a managed or unmanaged switch
• Whether you require or can make use of advanced PoE models (either now or in the future)
• What sort of bandwidth your current router and/or internet connection can comfortably support, and whether you may need to upgrade

Popular choices for home networking often include small-to-medium sized hubs, such as 4-port, 5-port or 8-port network switches. Meanwhile, while more complex enterprise or server networks may require far more capable hardware such as a 64-port PoE switch.